Banning whaling

Whales are the greatest creatures that live on earth, in the seas. Contingent upon their species they can weigh as much as 200 tons, the heaviness of around 12 elephants or 2000 individuals. It has likewise been considered that the cerebrums of whales are created which implies they are canny animals. Since hundreds of years whales have been pursued down for their oil and meat. The way toward slaughtering whales for their meat and oil is called whaling. In the former times just the moderate moving whales were hunted.By the seventeenth entury the interest for whale 011 and meat rose and It wasnt until the eighteenth century when another chasing weapon was imagined. Since spears were designed, quick paced whales like blue whales could be murdered yet it is a brutal method of chasing whales. Whales being the greatest creatures of earth and being headed to nearly termination, It turns into our obligation to boycott chasing whales and safeguard them. Business whaling has driven such a larg e number of whale species to approach annihilation. That as well as different components like sea commotion, contamination, atmosphere changes likewise undermine their existence.In 1 905, since whaler moved to Antarctic waters, South Georgia became he Center for whaling and between 1930-1931 30,000 blue whales were slaughtered and prepared 1 That about drove the blue whales Into elimination as they were not really seen ever Lohan 2 since. In 1986 the International Whaling Commission restricted whaling everywhere throughout the world to shield whales from being pursued yet regardless of that, numerous nations despite everything work on whaling either In mask of research or to keep up the Industrial interest for whale meat and oil. Nations that despite everything work on whaling are Japan, Iceland, Norway.Iceland has as of late alone executed many whales and send huge amounts of solidness meat to Japan whose market Is as of now so loaded with whale meat. In Japan whale meat Is a delic acy and on the affection of logical research It murders whales. Whales set aside effort to develop and furthermore recreate gradually. They just have one youthful one in around 3 years and it requires some investment for a specie to recuperate in the wake of being pursued in masses. Henceforth its numbers lessening to annihilation so effectively that we don't understand the mischief we do by slaughtering whales that are so Important to our ecosystem.People everywhere throughout the world consider business whaling to be unfeeling. These days individuals all around the globe love whales and whale watching trips have become opular. Many see whale looking as a superior choice to whale chasing - It Is a 1 OF3 whales mainstream among people2. â€Å"In the late 1980s, whale viewing got mainstream outside the Ogasawara islands south east of Tokyo where they guarantee to have a 90% achievement rates for watching humpback whales by pontoons during the previous not many years. † Whale w atching trips are offered there ordinarily on occasion for 2 hours or 6 hours.The kinds of Lohan 3 pontoons are plunging vessels, joy pontoons and business/sports angling boats3. Humpback whales and right whales are making a rebound in their numbers because of assurance associations. This, being a triumph, shows that we should hold out more insurance battle for whales on the grounds that numerous species are as yet delicate and can't recoup their numbers rapidly. Numerous individuals consider that the technique for murdering whales is amazingly savage. â€Å"Although whaling armadas might be profoundly complex, furnished with sonar, helicopters, long-run unstable spears and processing plant sends, the real murder is horrific† 4.The way a whale is executed is through a spear, which is 90 kilograms in weight and is shot from a gun. The leader of the spear has a period combined projectile which when hits the whale, detonates and tears the internals of the robust separated. The w hale despite everything keeps on enduring until long stretches of beating when it really kicks the bucket. Whales are savvy animals and it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to locate an others conscious method of executing them. Individuals state murdering whales is acceptable on the grounds that whales eat a great deal of fish however what we don't understand is over-angling is a greater factor for decline in fishes.Since whales have diminished in numbers fishes ought to have expanded in their numbers yet they haven't, thus we are just to fault for the decreasing of oceanic creatures. Japan has slaughtered hundred of whales considerably after the restriction on whaling. They slaughter whales on the rounds of logical research whereby when a whale is executed researchers recoup portions of the whale, which causes them comprehend the age of the whale, its eating routine, Lohan 4 and birthing rate and the meat is bundled and sold in the market5.Japan's history has indicated that it to a great extent relies upon whale meat for its wellspring of protein and nourishment in this way despite everything murders whales for food. â€Å"NRDC and over twelve other preservation bunches as of late appealed to the Obama organization to make solid move against Iceland under the Pelly Amendment to the Fisherman's Protective Act† 6. Through this, the President can force exchange approvals to a nation that doesn't obey preservation understandings. The United States has been a main worldwide conservator for whaling.To summarize everything, Whales have been pursued for quite a long time to such a degree, that numerous types of whales have been headed to eradication and it requires some investment for a specie to recoup its numbers in light of the moderate pace of whale propagation and development. It is more gainful to have whale watching than murdering whales since whale watching fills in as a wellspring of pay through the travel industry. Whale oil used to be so ught after in the times past however because of modernization and lternatives for whale oil , the benefits from whaling has diminished on the grounds that now a days whale oil is once in a while used.The techniques for killing whales are insensitive as they are When shot, they may take as long as an hour to bite the dust yet meanwhile endure. Nations despite everything work on whaling either through appearance of logical research or business whaling. Utilizations of whale meat Lohan 5 can be destructive in light of the fact that the mercury content in them was seen as high as concentrated in Japan. Whales are critical to our environment and without them the marine biological system is inconceivably influenced. Whales are wonderful animals and are espected and cherished all around the world.They are shrewd and furthermore the greatest on earth. Chasing them to annihilation is Just another projection of how remorseless and heartless humanity can be. Forbidding whaling ought to be kept up all around the globe yet with stricter inconveniences.

Lynx Essays (1048 words) - Lynx, Bobcat, Predators, Trapping, Kitten

Lynx With a jump and a bounce the rapid lynx pursues the dyed white bunny through the shrubs. Poof! The bunny vanishes into the sparkly white powder. At that point the tricky lynx finds the trail of the rabbit and jumps toward the little hairball. The sharp prolonged hooks don't dive in, and the rabbit's long slim legs jump start himself out of the gap and out of peril. The quick feline swings his paws around to hit the quick rabbit, yet he hits the snow directly under his back legs. The rabbit runs directly between two willow trees and into a restricted opening which has a lot of fallen willow trees. The rabbit has gotten away from the lynx this one time, yet the lynx will discover other food. The lynx is a pale earthy colored to earthy dim with dark streaks on its neck, temple, and on the back. It has a short tail, long tuffed ears, long slim legs, wide feet for control in the day off, long delicate hide. The lynx will develop to be 30 to 40 inches in length, what's more, 24 to 28 inches high from feet to shoulders. They generally weight 15 to 45 pounds. At the point when you see the lynx, from the start sight, it looks emaciated and thin, yet it is truly quick and strong. The back legs are longer than the fore legs for better jumping capacity. From the front the lynx looks regal with its hair on its face coming out to two focuses (Myers 136). The lynx is firmly identified with the catamount, which populates the north American area. The wildcat doesn't have large soft paws, or isn't as large as the lynx in relative size. They have two diverse food assortments. The lynx eats bunnies ,and furthermore may go after little deer, dall sheep, grouse, mice. Once in a while they feed on fish. Then again catamounts feed on grouse , fish, and other little rodents. Lynx pursue and still chase their prey. They pursue rabbits or they keep awake on precipices and branches, and holding up to jump on the creature as it passes by. The lynx ranges from Alaska, as far as possible across Canada. The lynx are generally found in peak woods and thick undercovers. They are generally discovered where rabbits are bottomless. On the off chance that there are no bunnies in the region, they travel out into the tundra to discover food. Lynx breed during March and April. The incubation time frame is 60 days in length ( Myers 135) . They will have from 1-4 little cats every year. They normally have sanctums, where they keep their little cats, in empty trees or under a heap of brush. The cats remain with the female until well into the following winter. The little cats don't open their eyes until 10 days after birth. They likewise just medical caretaker for 3 to 4 months. At the point when the number of inhabitants in the bunnies are up the litters of 2 to 4 cats have a ton better opportunity to make due in the wild with their folks. At the point when food isn't plenteous the female lynx probably won't have a litter at such year or not until the bunnies have returned. Lynx as a rule are quiet, however the guys make a shrieking clamor to discover a mate during rearing season. The odd thing about the lynx is the point at which it is in a snare. It doesn't make a sound. It stays there tranquilly tolerating its demise. The Lynx are shrewd animals that lurk around evening time to discover their food. That is typically the motivation behind why individuals don't see the lynx out in the wild a ton. The lynx are touchy to brilliant light, in light of the fact that their eyes are made to see around evening time. Grown-up guys typically chase alone, not in packs like wolves.The females normally chase with their family if the little cats are mature enough to come. The packs chase with their mom and take in aptitudes from her until they leave in the fallowing winter. The gigantic feet of the lynx give it amazing nimbleness in the day off. The lynx has been known to pursue down moderate cumbersome fox that has thin and slim feet that don't give them any influence on the day off. Catching lynx isn't especially simple. Trappers utilize the two catches and traps on the lynx. A bottomless number of bunnies implies there will be a ton of lynx that year. In the years when lynx are bottomless, an acceptable trapper may take twelve out of a month. The fine hide of

How PoC-Only Bookstore Duende District is Changing the Game

How PoC-Only Bookstore Duende District is Changing the Game In April of 2017, poet Angela Spring launched a Kickstarter campaign for a radical idea: a mobile bookstore that only sold work by people of color. A veteran bookseller and former manager of DC favorite Politics Prose, Spring knew that her diverse city was missing a place that catered to communities of color. She knew that these books needed to get into the hands of people who needed them in an inviting, accessible way; a place that empowered the neighborhood and brought together communities that were underserved. Duende District now has three pop-up locations in the DC area, hosts events and author readings, and is a rapidly growing force for change. Not only has Duende District stuck to their motto of “Todas Las Vocesâ€"All voices,” but it presents a unique, alternative concept of what a bookstore can be. When you started to put together the concept for Duende District, what are some things that were important for you to center around? In the beginning, when Duende District was just an idea, I knew the biggest component needed was for it to be a bookstore centered around people of color, not just in the periphery, as it is in most bookstores. Sometimes were not even in the periphery. I have worked in many stores across the country, and too few people of color work in senior-level positions or own bookstores. And the people I worked with are  amazing.  I want them to have every opportunity. I believe in helping people up with you. I wanted to create a space where people of color were unhindered by institutional racism and can shine their own light onto a project they believe in. I also wanted to redefine bookselling and flip the model of what a modern bookstore could and should be. As it exists now, the traditional model of building a bookstore business precludes a level of cultural, societal and monetary privilege that high-level book culture does not make it to communities of color and keeps people like myself, with a load of accumulated debt (student loan) or otherwise, from accessing bank loans or financing. If we can find a better, less financially burdensome way to building these stores, then we open up the bookstore industry to true inclusion and bring high-quality book culture to communities that havent had it before. What do you feel are some of the benefits of a pop-up model? What do you think you lose or gain by not having a single set location? The main benefit is very low overhead, which is the financial ballgame for a bookstore, and increased mobility and visibility. I call Duende District a collaborative pop-up bookstore, and what we do is build on the foundation of the concept of the community bookstore by collaborating with community organizations to create these PoC bookstore spaces. While the pop-up shop is by no means a new thing, or the pop-up bookstore, Ive just made it smaller and streamlined it. I focus on frontlist (new), a little backlist that I personally love, and basically set it up as a frontlist/display store with depth that I can create in any space 500 sq ft or under.   I constantly develop my model because with each pop-up, I learn new things. And with the launch of two long-term collaborative pop-ups (which I call mission-based vendor boutique bookstores) with MahoganyBooks and Toli Moli, Ive expanded Duende Districts reach in a sustainable way. And I use the pop-ups for research to see which neighborhood not only wants a bookstore but if they are willing/able to financially support a bookstore.   The only thing I really lose by not having a set location for the larger pop-up is the ability to settle into one place. The flipside to that, however, is Im not locked into a location where either the community doesnt support me or a landlord has decided they want a more viable business or they jack up the rent or the neighborhood demographics change too rapidly. These reasons have been many a bookstores death knell.   How do you go about deciding on locations?   My whole process is organic. Im a people person and I love meeting new people and learning about what they do. So my pop-up locations are decided by people who love what Duende District is and want to find a way to bring it to their community. I have a general sense of areas I want to get into but I dont force it. And so far, this method has led me very well.   How do you curate your collection? Im assuming that since you have a limited amount of space, youre making specific selections about what to carry in your store. What are some things that you look out for during the buying process?   I spend hours upon hours going through publisher frontlist catalogs, reading galleys, looking up book reviews, and following up on PoC book influencers recommendations on social media. Its vital to me that since my stock is so limited, that each selection be fierce and brilliant. I focus on literary fiction, memoir/essays, poetry, graphic novels, romance, speculative fiction and childrens books, all in English and Spanish. Theres already a limited selection of books written or illustrated by people of color, but I want the best. I want books that look gorgeous on display and when you open them up, they blow you away. Theyre books that are powerful, evocative, delightful, breathtaking. They are exceptional books. And they are all by people of color because our stories are not just stories told solely through the lens of our oppression or history. And I want to make sure those books are as representative of all PoC cultures as possible.   Are there any trends youve noticed with people who come into your store? Are they looking for anything specific? What flies off the shelves? What are some great customer experiences youve had? When people of color come into my store, its often a marvelous thing. They look around and talk to me and realize all these books are for  us. Were not often made to feel special and hardly any literary spaces are created for us. What I sell tends to vary location to location, but childrens picture and board books always sell excellently. People are always looking for kids books that are representative. Honestly, 9 out of 10 of my customer experiences are amazing. I love my customers so much. Theyre my community and their support buoys me, makes me get up everyday even when Im exhausted and work even harder.   What are some of the joys and struggles of running a PoC-only bookstore?   Again, the joys are all the amazing fellow PoC Ive met that support me and who are doing absolutely amazing things, as well. I love collaborating with these people, theyre the best. Derrick and Ramunda Young of MahoganyBooks and Simone Jacobson and Eric Wang, the owners of Toli Moli in Union Market, are all brilliant. I am blessed to be in their orbit in to create literary spaces with them. The struggle really only comes from the frustration of knowing we have  so far  to go in hiring PoC throughout the publishing and book industries so we can get more books published and championed. Again, not just stories told about our struggles and oppression or about our historical figures, but  our  stories. I want to read adult trade books that make me feel an entire range of emotions, not just heavy/angry/sad. Wheres our Donna Tartt or David Sedaris? And also,  people are not a trend. I cannot say this enough. I love that several Dominican-heritage writers are getting books published this year, but we arent vampires or zombiesâ€"these books should be published all the time because theyre amazing, but it worries me to see us being reduced to trendsâ€"oh, this is the year we publish X-kind of Latinx books! Oh my god, NO. Stop it, publishers. Stop de-humanizing us that way. Why do you feel it is important to have a place specifically for people of color? How have you seen the effects on your community?   I want a place specifically for people of color because Ive never had one. I grew up in bookstores but never realized how those spaces showed me how un-seen and un-heard I was. If Id stepped into a bookstore like Duende District as a child, I might have grown up in a completely different way. Just like if Id read  The Poet X  by Elizabeth Acevedo as a 16-year-old, I could have been a different person.   We deserve this. We deserve a beautiful, warm literary space full of books about us, our experiences, our lives, our stories, written by us. A space that celebrates all of us, black and brown, from every shade and walk of life.   I dont really know what the effects on my community are but I know people always want to collaborate with me to bring Duende District to new places. If someone wants Duende District in their community, I will find a way to make it happen in some capacity. So I hope that means its having a good effect on my community! What are some of your hopes and goals for Duende District?   Ive tabled a brick and mortar at the moment because Im looking at expanding Duende District beyond the D.C.-Maryland-Virginia area. I have switched to multi-month pop-ups for the bigger, roving pop-up. I really want to take this mission and store to as many communities as possible, especially back to my home state of New Mexico.   What do you have coming up that youre excited about?   Our next pop-up takes me back to Virginia, in Alexandria, with the Torpedo Factory, in May and June. Im excited to connect with a new community. Then Im planning on returning to one of my most supportive communities for a 3- or 4-month pop-up in the fall. Im also looking at the possibility of opening up up to two more long-term pop-ups in the DMV area before setting my sights westward. DC Rioters can find Duende District at BloomBars in Columbia Heights until April 8, at MahoganyBooks in The Anacostia Arts Center, and at Toli Moli in Union Market. Check out  duendedistrict.com for more information,  and check them out on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram Looking for more bookish things to do in Washington DC? Check out Literary Tourism: A Book Lovers Guide to Washington DC

Whats the National Symbol of Italy

The history of the emblema della Repubblica Italiana (symbol of Italy) begins in October 1946 when the government of Alcide De Gasperi appointed a special commission chaired by Ivanoe Bonomi. Bonomi, an Italian politician and statesman, envisioned the symbol as a collaborative effort amongst his countrymen. He decided to organize a national competition with only two design directives: include the star of Italy, ispirazione dal senso della terra e dei comuni (inspired by the sense of the land and the common good)exclude any political party symbols   The first five finishers would win a prize of 10,000 lire. The First Contest 341 candidates responded to the competition, submitting 637 black and white drawings. The five winners were invited to prepare new sketches, this time with a specific theme imposed by the Commission: una cinta turrita che abbia forma di corona (a city in the form of a turreted crown), surrounded by a garland of leaves of native flora. Below the main design element, the representation of the sea, at the top, the star of Italy with gold, and finally, the words Unità   (unity) and Libertà   (freedom). First place was awarded to Paul Paschetto, who was awarded another 50,000 lire and given the task of preparing the final design. The Commission conveyed the updated design to the government for approval and placed it on display with the other finalists in an exhibition in February 1947. The choice of a symbol may have seemed complete, but the goal was still far away. The Second Contest Paschettos design, however, was rejected—it was actually referred to as a tub—and a new commission was appointed to conduct a second competition. At the same time, the commission indicated they favored a symbol linked to the concept of work. Again Paschetto emerged victorious, even though his design was subject to further revisions by members of the Commission. Finally, the proposed design was presented to the Assemblea Costituente, where it was approved on January 31, 1948. After other formalities were addressed and the colors agreed upon, the President of the Italian Republic, Enrico De Nicola, signed decree number 535 on May 5, 1948, giving Italy its own national symbol. The Author of the Symbol Paul Paschetto was born February 12, 1885, in Torre Pellice, near Torino, where he died March 9, 1963. He was a professor at the Istituto di Belle Arti in Rome from 1914 to 1948. Paschetto was a versatile artist, working in media such as block printing, graphic arts, oil painting, and frescoes. He designed, among other things, a number of francobolli (stamps), including the first issue of the Italian airmail stamp. Interpreting the Symbol The symbol of the Italian Republic is characterized by four elements: a star, a gear wheel, an  olive, and oak branches. The olive branch symbolizes the desire for peace in the nation, both in the sense of internal harmony as well as that of international brotherhood. The oak branch, which encircles the symbol on the right, embodies the strength and dignity of the Italian people. Both species, typical of Italy, were chosen to represent the Italian arboreal heritage. The steel gear wheel, a symbol indicating work, is a reference to the first article of the Italian Constitution: LItalia à ¨ una Repubblica democratica fondata sul lavoro (Italy is a democratic republic founded on work). The star is one of the oldest objects of the Italian iconographic heritage and has always been associated with the personification of Italy. It was part of the iconography of the Risorgimento, and also appeared, until 1890, as the emblem of the united kingdom of Italy. The star later came to represent the Ordine della Stella dItalia, and today is used to indicate membership in the Italian armed forces.

Behavioral Contracting At The Classroom - 2012 Words

Introduction: Behavioral contracting in the classroom can improve a students success in school; with the behavioral contract students are not punished for their bad behavior, but are rewarded for the good behavior. The contract lays out the expected behavior, the behavior that the child should not do, the reward for improving their behavior, and the consequences for failing to improve. This contract should be talked over with the student’s parents; having their support in the process is key. If they are not also implementing the contract then the plan could fall through. Steps and procedures: To begin behavioral contracting a teacher makes a referral, then parents visit the counselor’s office to discuss the plan for correcting the misbehavior. The first step to the plan is defining the behaviors. There is an acceptable behavior and the unacceptable behavior, and this step is crucial to the success of the contracting because pointing out the good behavior, the one the teacher and parents desire to see makes it to where the child has a clear understanding of what is expected of them. A major point to remember during this is positivity, children are more likely to do what is expected (the positive) than to refrain from doing what they are not supposed to do (the negative). Avoid defining the unaccepted behavior as â€Å"do nots† and â€Å"should nots† this can result in the child thinking they have no options, â€Å"If I cannot do this, then what can I do?† (That thought can promote themShow MoreRelatedClassroom Behavior640 W ords   |  3 Pages(1982). Contingency Contracting With Disadvantaged Youths: Improving Classroom Performance, (3), 447-454 Classroom behavior management can be one of the most difficult issues teachers face today. 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One study suggests that more than 70% of school-aged students who were sent to jail were actually arrested in school. The majority of arrest were for nonviolent acts, disrupting the classroom, and being disrespectful to teachers and peers. It is clear that some teachers play a role in student conflict; Therefore making it impossibleRead MoreBehavior Management Project Essay1759 Words   |  8 Pagesstudent’s classroom behavior but on her class work as well. Most of her daily disruptive behaviors are mild and easily corrected; behaviors observed were tipping backwards in her chair and resuming the behavior soon after being told not to do this, an d talking when the teacher is talking. These behaviors however do not cause major disruptions in the classroom, as the class frequently moves from activity to activity throughout the day. 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She also explained that it is the vision that the children who attend the RockRead MoreBehavioral Social Cognitive Views of Learning2981 Words   |  12 PagesIn-charge : Lecturer : Lecture 2: Behavioral Social Cognitive Views of Learning Lecture Highlights: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Definitions of Behavioral Learning Theory Classical Conditioning – Pavlov Operant Conditioning - Skinner Trial-and-error Learning / The Law of Effect - Thorndike Social Learning Theory - Bandura I. ï‚ ¨ Behavioral Learning Theories: Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors†¦ the behavioral view generally assumes that the outcomeRead MoreJuveniles1358 Words   |  6 Pagesattitudes surrounding risky sexual behavior and condom use among juveniles involved in the justice system? Quantity and Quality of the Research Literature There is evidence that juveniles involved in the justice system have an elevated risk for contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Sexually Transmitted Infections STIs) due to higher rates of psychopathology, illicit substance use, and lack of exposure to HIV/STI risk-reduction interventions in schools as compared to their non-justiceRead MoreA Case Study for Adhd Students4596 Words   |  19 Pages2010): 1.) Student is referred by a teacher, support staff, parent, physician, or therapist. 2.) 504 plan meeting is held Plan for student is developed Review date is set 3.) Accommodations- A diabetic student may be allowed to eat in the classroom or student may be permitted to go to the office to receive medication 4.) Assignments or testing conditions may be adjusted ( more time, less or modified test questions) Having a student such as Fred in class can be very frustrating, but we asRead More Distance Learning as an Effective Enhancement to the Elementary School Curriculum2000 Words   |  8 PagesDistance Learning as an Effective Enhancement to the Elementary School Curriculum Distance learning does not replace the existing classroom; rather it has proven to be an effective and useful tool in expanding the elementary school curriculum. Distance learning is defined as the â€Å"education for students working at home, with little or no face-to-face with teachers and with material provided remotely, for example through email, television, or correspondence† (Encarta World English Dictionary, 2001)

Records Managment Free Essays

National Archives and Records Administration PC-GSM: President Office Public Service Management Records and Management Departments President Office Public Service Management Economic Social Records foundation Department for International Development Service Civil Technical College -RPC: Tanzania Public Service College. Firstly I extend my sincere thanks to father Jesus Christ who has proved to me that is not by might or by power but by the spirit in him nothing is impossible. If it was not God grace I would not have produced this great field report in his wisdom he has always led me to greater heights. We will write a custom essay sample on Records Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is to acknowledge that the work of this report could not be completed without the support of other people during my field attachment training at Inference Limited. In that regard I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mr.. Edwin Kananga who is Managing Director, for his support and for putting the necessary required working environment which enabled me to complete my field attachment. I also thank my Employer Mr.. Frank Ole Enjoin, for giving me permission of four weeks to complete my field training at Inference. I thank also all staff of Inference Ltd for working with me during my four weeks stay at the firm. This reports present in four chapters’ lesson learned from Inference Limited during my field attachment training. Chapter one briefly presents the introduction and historical background of Inference Limited and its Vision, Mission Statement, objectives and current organization chart. Chapter two present field attachment training gained in terms of description of Inference Limited; duties assigned during my field attachment; Achievements made; problems experienced and Skills acquired. Chapter three discusses major problems and challenges encountered by Inference Record Office. I also propose possible solutions. Chapter four presents field attachment training conclusions and Recommendation Reference and Appendices How to cite Records Managment, Papers

Medical Testing On Animals Essays (801 words) - Animal Welfare

Medical Testing On Animals Animals have been used in medical research for centuries. In a recent count, it was determined that 8,815 animals were being used for research at MSU, 8,503 of them rodents - rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. There were 18 dogs, three cats and a variety of goats, ferrets, pigeons and rabbits. The struggle against this tyranny is a struggle as important as any of the moral and social issues that have been fought over in recent years." Animal rights are an emotional issue-second only, perhaps, to the bitter abortion debate." For decades the value of animal research has been grossly overrated. Although researchers have depended on animal test data to achieve medical advances, there should be other means of research because testing on animals is cruel and inhumane and often unnecessary. The American Medical Association believes that research involving animals is absolutely essential to maintaining and improving the health of the American people. They point out, that virtually every advance in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics to organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments. They also emphasize that animal research holds the key for solutions to AIDS, cancer, heart disease, aging and congenital defects. Lastly they insist that, the result of these experiments has been the elimination or control of many infectious diseases. This has meant a longer, healthier , better life with much less pain and suffering. For many patients, it has meant life it self. However, there should be other means of research because the whole process of animal research remains cruel and inhumane. Animal rights activists have gathered much information that has closed down laboratories that violate anti- cruelty statutes. "This includes a 1984 videotape stolen from the University of Pennsylvania Head Injury Clinic. The research subsequently suspended, reportedly involved inadequately anesthetized baboons receiving blows to the head to break their necks and cause brain damage." Alex Pacheo gives a first-person account of the conditions he witnessed in a primate laboratory. He is horrified by the painful experiments these monkeys endure. "On May 11,1981 I began work[at the Institute for Behavioral Research] and was given a tour.... I saw filth caked on the wires of the cages, faces piled in the bottom of the cages, urine and rust encrusting every surface. There, amid this rotting stench, sat sixteen crab-eating macaques and one rhesus monkey, their liv limited to metal boxes just 17 3/4 inches wide.... [An old refrigerator] had been converted into a chamber containing a plexiglass immobilizing chair. A monkey would be placed in a chamber, and electrodes attached to his body. The monkey would be forced to try to squeeze a bottle of fluid with his surgically crippled arm in order to stop the painful electric shock that coursed through his body. The ceiling and walls of the chamber were covered with blood. I remember Dr. Taub's assistant, John Kunz, telling me that some monkeys would break their arms in desperate attempts to escape the chair and the intense electric shocks." Young chimpanzees, 3 or 4 years old, were crammed, two together, into tiny cages. They could hardly turn around. Not yet part of any experiment , they had been confined in these cages for more than three months. The chimps had each other for comfort, but they would not remain together for long. Once they are infected, probably with hepatitis, they will be s eparated and placed in another cage. And there they will remain, living in conditions of severe sensory deprivation, for the next several years. During that time, they will become insane. From the capture of primates in the wild, to the "factory-like" breeding of mice and dogs, to the confinement and isolation of cages - research is inherently cruel. History has shown that many important medical advances have been made by clinical research and close observations of human patients, not animal research, which is often unnecessary. "There are whole countries that don't use healthy animals to train veterinarians or teach surgical techniques," said Liska, who's been researching the issue since 1974. In England they use only sick or injured animals and do much work on animal cadavers. "Humans can give informed consent. Monkeys and dogs can't." Many AIDS patients have said they are willing to try out new drugs. "Instead, we use Rhesus monkeys." "I actually have hurt animals unnecessarily out of ignorance," says Dr. Sherman Bloom. "If you're preaching reverence for animal life, you're preaching reverence for life , period. And violence is the opposite of reverence